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Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Angus Chadwick; Mark C. W. van Rossum; Matthew F. Nolan
movies
eye 179
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Populations of hippocampal place cells encode an animal's past, current and future location through sequences of action potentials generated within each cycle of the network theta rhythm. These sequential representations have been suggested to result from temporally coordinated synaptic interactions within and between cell assemblies. In contrast, we show that a model based on rate and phase coding in independent neurons is sufficient to explain the organization of CA1 population activity...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/12/005066
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Glutamate metabolism as it interfaces with nitrogen transport and synthesis of GABA." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Glutamate arrow γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with CO2 loss bidirectional arrow enzyme GABA transaminase with glutamate bidirectional arrow α-ketoglutarate to succinic semialdehyde arrow enzyme succinic...
Topic: Neuroscience
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84
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Dennis Eckmeier; Stephen David Shea
texts
eye 84
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Sensory responses are modulated throughout the nervous system by internal factors including attention, experience, and brain state. This is partly due to fluctuations in neuromodulatory input from regions such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in the brainstem. LC activity changes with arousal and modulates sensory processing, cognition and memory. The main olfactory bulb (MOB) is richly targeted by LC fibers and noradrenaline profoundly influences MOB circuitry and odor-guided...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/08/12/002550
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245
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Johannes Kohl; Julian Ng; Sebastian Cachero; Michael-John Dolan; Ben Sutcliffe; Daniel Krüger; Shahar Frechter; Gregory SXE Jefferis
texts
eye 245
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Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and immunostainings are widely used to detect cellular or sub-cellular structures in thick biological samples. However, each approach suffers from limitations, including low signal and limited spectral flexibility or slow speed, poor penetration and high background, respectively. Here we overcome these limitations by using transgenically expressed chemical tags for rapid, even and low-background labeling of thick biological tissues. We construct a...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/19/005298
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224
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Baohu Ji; Minjung Kim; Kerin Higa; Xianjin Zhou
texts
eye 224
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The t(1,11) chromosome translocation co-segregates with major psychiatric disorders in a large Scottish family. The translocation disrupts the DISC1and Boymaw (DISC1FP1) genes on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. After translocation, two fusion genes are generated. Our recent studies found that the DISC1-Boymaw fusion protein is localized in mitochondria and inhibits oxidoreductase activity, rRNA expression, and protein translation. Mice carrying the DISC1-Boymaw fusion genes display...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/31/005728
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101
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Juhan Aru; Jaan Aru; Viola Priesemann; Michael Wibral; Luiz Lana; Gordon Pipa; Wolf Singer; Raul Vicente
texts
eye 101
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Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) has been proposed to coordinate neural dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. Despite its potential relevance for understanding healthy and pathological brain function, the standard CFC analysis and physiological interpretation come with fundamental problems. For example, apparent CFC can appear because of spectral correlations due to common non-stationarities that may arise in the total absence of interactions between neural frequency components. To provide...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/08/25/005926
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109
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Catherine Sarah Cutts; Stephen J Eglen
texts
eye 109
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Correlations in neuronal spike times are thought to be key to processing in many neural systems. Many measures have been proposed to summarise these correlations and of these the correlation index is widely used and is the standard in studies of spontaneous retinal activity. We show that this measure has two undesirable properties: it is unbounded above and confounded by firing rate. We list properties needed for a measure to fairly quantify and compare correlations and we propose a novel...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/09/006635
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Histamine release and reuptake." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Presynaptic HA neuron with release of HA into the synaptic cleft to bind with HA-R of the postsynaptic neuron. HA from the synaptic cleft arrow into the astroglia. Astroglia contains PMAT, OC3, HNMT. Histamine termination of action; Histamine metabolism:...
Topic: Neuroscience
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282
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Baohu Ji; Kerin Higa; Minjung Kim; Lynn Zhou; Jared Young; Mark Geyer; Xianjin Zhou
texts
eye 282
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The t(1; 11) translocation appears to be the causal genetic lesion with 70% penetrance for schizophrenia, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders in a Scottish family. Molecular studies identified the disruption of the DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1) gene by chromosome translocation at chromosome 1q42. Our previous studies, however, revealed that the translocation also disrupted another gene, Boymaw (also termed DISC1FP1), on chromosome 11. After translocation, two fusion genes...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/31/005710
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118
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Kevin Jarbo; Timothy Verstynen
texts
eye 118
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Modification of spatial attention via reinforcement learning (Lee & Shomstein, 2013) requires the integration of reward, attention, and executive processes. Corticostriatal pathways are an ideal neural substrate for this integration because these projections exhibit a globally parallel (Alexander, De Long, and Strick, 1985), but locally overlapping (Haber, 2003), topographical organization. Here, we explored whether there are unique striatal regions that exhibit convergent anatomical...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/06/25/006619
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88
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Fabrice MEGROT; Carole MEGROT
texts
eye 88
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The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not walking speed affects temporal perception. It was hypothesized that fast walking would reduce the perceived length of time while slow walking increase production estimates. 16 healthy subjects were included. After a first « calibration » phase allowing the determination of different walking speeds, the subjects were instructed to demonstrate periods of time or « target times » of 3s and 7s, by a walking movement. Then, subjects...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/12/04/001156
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104
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Yuriy Mishchenko
texts
eye 104
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Various structures in the brain contain many important clues to the brains development and function. Among these, the organization of neuropil tissue at micron scales is of particular importance since such organization has a direct potential to affect the formation of synaptic connectivity between nearby axons and dendrites, thus, serving as an important factor contributing to the brains development and disorders. While the organization of the brain at large and intermediate scales had been...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/08/003863
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128
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Michael X Cohen; Fraser William Steel
texts
eye 128
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Activity in the theta frequency band (4-8 Hz) over medial prefrontal regions has been consistently implicated in top-down cognitive control processes, including recognizing and resolving response conflict. It remains an unanswered question whether these theta-band dynamics are a neural mechanism of cognitive control, or instead are epiphenomenal to the neural computational machinery but are useful indices of brain function. Here we addressed this question by attempting to boost conflict...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/05/004747
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89
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Gurinder Singh Atwal
texts
eye 89
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The stochastic dynamics of multistable perception poses an enduring challenge to our understanding of neural signal processing in the brain. We show that the emergence of perception switching and stability can be understood using principles of probabilistic Bayesian inference where the prior temporal expectations are matched to a scale-free power spectrum, characteristic of fluctuations in the natural environment. The optimal percept dynamics are inferred by an exact mapping of the statistical...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/08/19/008177
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121
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Gautam Agarwal
texts
eye 121
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comment 0
A standard methodology in systems neuroscience is to establish correlations between the brain and the world. These correlations have been robustly observed when probing the activity of single neurons. For example, there are cells that activate vigorously when subjects are presented with images of certain celebrities (e.g. the "Jennifer Aniston" neuron, Quiroga et al., 2005). While single neuron measurements provide remarkable insights into the functional specificity of different brain...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/08/29/008557
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "ACh release and degradation." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Histidine arrow with enzyme histidine carboxylase and loss of CO2 to histamine. Histidine IUPAC ID: (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid. Histamine IUPAC ID: 2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)ethanamine
Topic: Neuroscience
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101
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Stephen Eglen; Michael Weeks; Mark Jessop; Jennifer Simonotto; Tom Jackson; Evelyne Sernagor
texts
eye 101
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Background: During early development, neural circuits fire spontaneously, generating activity episodes with complex spatiotemporal patterns. Recordings of spontaneous activity have been made in many parts of the nervous system over the last 20 years, reporting developmental changes in activity patterns and the effects of various genetic perturbations. Results: We present a curated repository of multielectrode array recordings of spontaneous activity in developing mouse and ferret retina. The...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/02/18/000455
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136
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
James Trousdale; Samuel R. Carroll; Fabrizio Gabbiani; Krešimir Josić
texts
eye 136
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comment 0
Coupling between sensory neurons impacts their tuning properties and correlations in their responses. How such coupling affects sensory representations and ultimately behavior remains unclear. We investigated the role of neuronal coupling during visual processing using a realistic biophysical model of the vertical system (VS) cell network in the blow fly. These neurons are thought to encode the horizontal rotation axis during rapid free flight manoeuvres. Experimental findings suggest neurons...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/07/25/007450
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Metabolism of tryptophan to melatonin." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Tryptophan arrow with O2 arrow H2O, BH4 bidirectional arrow BH2, and enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan arrow with CO2 loss and enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase to serotonin (5-HT) arrow with acetyl-CoA arrow CoA and...
Topic: Neuroscience
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Phenylalanine arrow with enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase and BH4 arrow BH2 to tyrosine arrow with enzyme tyrosine kinase and BH4 arrow BH2 to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) arrow with enzyme DOPA decarboxylase and loss of CO2 to...
Topic: Neuroscience
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139
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Antonin Blot; Boris Barbour
texts
eye 139
favorite 0
comment 0
The axon initial segment of each cerebellar Purkinje cell is ensheathed by basket cell axons in a structure called the pinceau, which is largely devoid of chemical synapses and gap junctions. These facts and ultrastructural similarities with the axon cap of the teleost Mauthner cell led to the conjecture that the pinceau mediates ephaptic (via the extracellular field) inhibition. Korn and Axelrad published a study in 1980 in which they reported confirmation of this conjecture. We have analysed...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/12/03/001123
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158
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Zahra Aghajan; Lavanya Acharya; Jesse Cushman; Cliff Vuong; Jason Moore; Mayank Mehta
texts
eye 158
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Dorsal Hippocampal neurons provide an allocentric map of space, characterized by three key properties. First, their firing is spatially selective, termed a rate code. Second, as animals traverse through place fields, neurons sustain elevated firing rates for long periods, however this has received little attention. Third the theta-phase of spikes within this sustained activity varies with animal's location, termed phase-precession or a temporal code. The precise relationship between these...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/12/31/001636
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126
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Adam Kimbrough; Yuying Wu; Yi Zhou; Thomas A. Houpt
texts
eye 126
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Protein 14-3-3 isoforms are key to many cellular processes and are ubiquitous throughout the brain. 14-3-3 is a regulator of ser/thr phospho-signaling by binding and sequestering phosphorylated substrates including kinases, histone deactylases, and transcription factors. The role of protein 14-3-3 in conditioned taste aversion learning (CTA) has not previously been examined. We parameterized CTA learning in difopein- YFP transgenic mice, which have widespread by expression of the artificial...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/30/004663
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133
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Danko Nikolic
texts
eye 133
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comment 0
The mind is a biological phenomenon. Thus, biological principles of organization should also be the principles underlying mental operations. Practopoiesis states that the key for achieving intelligence through adaptation is an arrangement in which mechanisms laying a lower level of organization, by their operations and interaction with the environment, enable creation of mechanisms lying at a higher level of organization. When such an organizational advance of a system occurs, it is called a...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/29/005660
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145
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Mehdi Keramati; Boris Gutkin
texts
eye 145
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Efficient regulation of internal homeostasis and defending it against perturbations requires complex behavioral strategies. However, the computational principles mediating brain's homeostatic regulation of reward and associative learning remain undefined. Here we use a definition of primary rewards, as outcomes fulfilling physiological needs, to build a normative theory showing how learning motivated behavior is modulated by the internal state of the animal. The theory proves that seeking...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/06/05/005140
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116
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Joel Z. Leibo; Qianli Liao; Fabio Anselmi; Tomaso Poggio
texts
eye 116
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Is visual cortex made up of general-purpose information processing machinery, or does it consist of a collection of specialized modules? If prior knowledge, acquired from learning a set of objects is only transferable to new objects that share properties with the old, then the recognition system's optimal organization must be one containing specialized modules for different object classes. Our analysis starts from a premise we call the invariance hypothesis: that the computational goal of the...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/24/004473
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314
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Andre M Bastos; Julien Vezoli; Conrado A Bosman; Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen; Robert Oostenveld; Jarrod R Dowdall; Peter De Weerd; Henry Kennedy; Pascal Fries
texts
eye 314
favorite 1
comment 0
Visual cortical areas are thought to form a hierarchy and to subserve cognitive functions by interacting in both feedforward and feedback directions. While feedforward influences convey sensory signals, feedback influences modulate brain responses to a given sensory stimulus according to the current behavioural context. Many studies have demonstrated effects of feedback influences on feedforward driven responses and on behaviour. Also, anatomical projections in both directions have been...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/06/004804
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99
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Ferran Galán; Mark R Baker; Kai Alter; Stuart N Baker
texts
eye 99
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A major assumption of brain-machine interface (BMI) research is that patients with disconnected neural pathways can still volitionally recall precise motor commands that could be decoded for naturalistic prosthetic control. However, the disconnected condition of these patients also blocks kinaesthetic feedback from the periphery, which has been shown to regulate centrally generated output responsible for accurate motor control. Here we tested how well motor commands are generated in the absence...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/05/06/004861
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223
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Marta Costa; Aaron D. Ostrovsky; James D. Manton; Steffen Prohaska; Gregory S.X.E. Jefferis
texts
eye 223
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Efforts to map neural circuits from model organisms including flies and mice are now generating multi-terabyte datasets of 10,000s of labelled neurons. Technologies such as dense EM based reconstruction, and sparse/multicolor labeling with image registration allow neurons to be embedded within the spatial context of a circuit or a whole brain. These ever-expanding data demand new computational tools to search, organize and navigate neurons. We present a simple, but fast and sensitive,...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/08/09/006346
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136
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Jérôme Ribot; Alberto Romagnoni; Chantal Milleret; Daniel Bennequin; Jonathan D. Touboul
texts
eye 136
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In the early visual cortex, information is processed within functional maps whose layout is thought to underlie visual perception. However, the precise organization of these functional maps as well as their interrelationships remains unresolved. Here, we show that spatial frequency representation in cat areas 17 and 18 exhibits singularities around which the map organizes like an electric dipole potential. These singularities are precisely co-located with singularities of the orientation map:...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/18/009308
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149
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Luke Stoeckel; Kathleen A. Garrison; Satrajit S Ghosh; Paul Wighton; Colleen A. Hanlon; Jodi M. Gilman; Stephanie Greer; Nicholas B. Turk-Browne; Megan T. deBettencourt; Dustin Scheinost; Cameron Craddock; Todd Thompson; Vanessa Calderon; Clemens C. Bauer; Mark George; Hans C. Breiter; Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli; John D. Gabrieli; Stephen M. LaConte; Laurence M. Hirshberg; Judson A. Brewer; Michelle Hampson; Andre Van Der Kouwe; Sean Mackey; Anne E Evins
texts
eye 149
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While reducing the burden of brain disorders remains a top priority of organizations like the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health (BRAIN, 2013), the development of novel, safe and effective treatments for brain disorders has been slow. In this paper, we describe the state of the science for an emerging technology, real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, in clinical neurotherapeutics. We review the scientific potential of rtfMRI and outline...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/06/20/003400
158
158
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Roberto Toro; Jean-Baptiste Poline; Guillaume Huguet; Eva Loth; Vincent Frouin; Tobias Banaschewski; Gareth J Barker; Arun Bokde; Christian Büchel; Fabiana Carvalho; Patricia Conrod; Mira Fauth-Bühler; Herta Flor; Jürgen Gallinat; Hugh Garavan; Penny Gowloan; Andreas Heinz; Bernd Ittermann; Claire Lawrence; Hervé Lemaître; Karl Mann; Frauke Nees; Tomá Paus; Zdenka Pausova; Marcella Rietschel; Trevor Robbins; Michael Smolka; Andreas Ströhle; Gunter Schumann; Thomas Bourgeron
texts
eye 158
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Human brain anatomy is strikingly diverse and highly inheritable: genetic factors may explain up to 80% of its variability. Prior studies have tried to detect genetic variants with a large effect on neuroanatomical diversity, but those currently identified account for
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/12/05/001198
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136
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Brittany N Cazakoff; Billy Y B Lau; Kerensa L Crump; Heike Demmer; Stephen David Shea
texts
eye 136
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Olfactory representations are shaped by both brain state and respiration; however, the interaction and circuit substrates of these influences are poorly understood. Granule cells (GCs) in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) are presumed to sculpt activity that reaches the olfactory cortex via inhibition of mitral/tufted cells (MTs). GCs may potentially sparsen ensemble activity by facilitating lateral inhibition among MTs, and/or they may enforce temporally-precise activity locked to breathing. Yet,...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/02/06/002410
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Acetyl-CoA + Choline arrow enzyme Choline acetyltransferase and loss of CoASH to acetylcholine arrow with enzyme acetylcholinesterase and H2O to acetic acid + choline
Topic: Neuroscience
136
136
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Renate Rutiku; Jaan Aru; Annika Tallinn; Talis Bachmann
texts
eye 136
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The goal of the present investigation was to identify reliable markers of conscious visual perception and to characterize their onset latency and its variability. To that end many visual stimuli from different categories were presented at near-threshold contrast and contrastive analyses were carried out on 100 balanced subsets of the data. N200 and P300 were the two reliable markers of conscious perception common to all perceived stimuli and absent for all nonperceived stimuli. The estimated...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/11/008995
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94
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Yarden Katz; Tarciso Velho; Vincent Butty; Christopher B. Burge; Carlos Lois
texts
eye 94
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Neuronal activity serves as a gateway between external stimulus from environment and the brain, often inducing gene expression changes. Alternative splicing (AS) is a widespread mechanism of increasing the number of transcripts produced from a single gene and has been shown to alter properties of neuronal genes, such as ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Patterns of neural tissue-specific AS have been identified, often regulated by neuron-specific splicing factors that are essential...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/06/26/005876
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115
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Ting Liu; Rui-Ping Wan; Ling-Jia Tang; Shu-Jing Liu; Hai-Jun Li; Qi-Hua Zhao; Wei-Ping Liao; Xiao-Fang Sun; Yong-Hong Yi; Yue-Sheng Long
texts
eye 115
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Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common form of inherited mental retardation, is caused by a loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is involved in brain functions by interacting with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that selectively control gene expression at translational level. However, little is known about the role of FMRP in regulating miRNA expression. Here, we found a development-dependant dynamic expression of Fmr1 mRNA (encoding FMRP) in mouse hippocampus...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/01/26/002071
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197
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Thaddeus R Cybulski; Joshua I Glaser; Adam H Marblestone; Bradley M Zamft; Edward S Boyden; George M Church; Konrad P Kording
texts
eye 197
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A central issue in neural recording is that of distinguishing the activities of many neurons. Here, we develop a framework, based on Fisher information, to quantify how separable a neuron's activity is from the activities of nearby neurons. We (1) apply this framework to model information flow and spatial distinguishability for several electrical and optical neural recording methods, (2) provide analytic expressions for information content, and (3) demonstrate potential applications of the...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/02/21/002923
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147
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Kirill Tokarev; Ofer Tchernichovski
texts
eye 147
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Zebra finches are a highly social, gregarious, species and eagerly engage in vocal communication. We have developed a training apparatus that allows training zebra finches to discriminate socially reinforced and aversive vocal stimuli. In our experiments, juvenile male zebra finches were trained to discriminate a song that was followed by a brief air puff (aversive) and a song that allowed them to stay in visual contact with another bird, 'audience' (social song). During training, the birds...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/04/12/004176
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92
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Andrew M. Oster; Philippe Faure; Boris S. Gutkin
texts
eye 92
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Midbrain ventral segmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons send numerous projections to cortical and sub-cortical areas, and diffusely release dopamine (DA) to their targets. DA neurons display a range of activity modes that vary in frequency and degree of burst ring. Importantly, DA neuronal bursting is associated with a significantly greater degree of DA release than an equivalent tonic activity pattern. Here, we introduce a single compartmental, conductance-based computational model for DA...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/09/008920
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275
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Gonçalo Lopes; Niccolò Bonacchi; João Frazão; Joana Neto; Bassam Atallah; Sofia Soares; Luís Moreira; Sara Matias; Pavel M. Itskov; Patrícia Correia; Roberto Medina; Elena Dreosti; Joseph J. Paton; Adam R. Kampff
texts
eye 275
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The design of modern scientific experiments requires the control and monitoring of many parallel data streams. However, the serial execution of programming instructions in a computer makes it a challenge to develop software that can deal with the asynchronous, parallel nature of scientific data. Here we present Bonsai, a modular, high-performance, open-source visual programming framework for processing data streams. We will describe Bonsai's core principles and architecture while specifically...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/07/02/006791
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188
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Neil R Smalheiser; Giovanni Lugli
texts
eye 188
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Synaptosomes are a popular type of isolated synaptic fraction intensively used in neuroscience and cell biology. They are prepared by layering on density gradients and thought to consist largely of axonal endings with attached postsynaptic structures (Morgan, 1976), in contrast to synaptoneurosomes (Hollingsworth et al, 1985) which are prepared by filtration and are thought to consist largely of pinched-off dendritic spines with attached presynaptic structures. Although most studies of...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/06/24/006510
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141
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Rodrick Wallace
texts
eye 141
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The Data Rate Theorem carries deep implications for theories of embodied cognition, extensions providing a spectrum of necessary conditions dynamic statistical models useful in empirical studies. A large deviations argument, however, implies that the regulation and stabilization of such systems is itself an interpenetrating phenomenon necessarily convoluted with embodied cognition. For humans, the central regulatory role of culture has long been known. Although a ground-state collapse analogous...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/01/13/001586
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156
Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Aline Lefebvre; Anita Beggiato; Thomas Bourgeron; Roberto Toro
texts
eye 156
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The corpus callosum -- the main pathway for long-distance inter-hemispheric integration in the human brain -- has been frequently reported to be smaller among autistic patients compared with non-autistic controls. We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature which suggested a statistically significant difference. However, the studies included were heavily underpowered: on average only 20% power to detect differences of 0.3 standard deviations, which makes it difficult to establish the reality...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/02/15/002691
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Metabolism of phenylalanine requires BH4 and also produces tyrosine. Deficiencies in cofactor or phenylalanine hydroxylase can result in phenylketonuria." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Transaminase with glutamate bidirectional arrow α-ketoglutarate. Transaminase arrow phenylpyruvate arrow enzyme dehydrogenase with...
Topic: Neuroscience
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Metabolism of methionine. Remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine are illustrated. Cofactor or enzymatic deficiencies can result in an elevation of homocysteine." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Circular diagram homocysteine arrow enzyme homocysteine methyltransferase with N5-menthyl-THF arrow THF to...
Topic: Neuroscience
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). " Tyrosine can be produced from phenylalanine metabolism and is required for the production of melanin and the catecholamines. Deficiencies can occur at several different locations in the pathway and result in albinism, alkaptonuria or tyrosinemia ." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Tyrosine pathways seen in figure 8.1....
Topic: Neuroscience
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Sep 18, 2014
09/14
by
Krzysztof Jacek Gorgolewski; Natacha Mendes; Domenica Wilfling; Elisabeth Wladimirow; Claudine Gauthier; Tyler Bonnen; Florence J. M. Ruby; Robert Trampel; Pierre-Louis Bazin; Roberto Cozatl; Jonathan Smallwood; Daniel Margulies
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Here we present a test-retest dataset of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired at rest. 22 participants were scanned during two sessions spaced one week apart. Each session includes two 1.5 mm isotropic whole-brain scans and one 0.75 mm isotropic scan of the prefrontal cortex, giving a total of six timepoints. Additionally, the dataset includes measures of mood, sustained attention, blood pressure, respiration, pulse, and the content of self-generated thoughts (mind...
Topic: Neuroscience
Source: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/03/008706
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "ACh release and degradation." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Presynaptic ACh neuron shown above a postsynaptic cell with space inbetween, and both are next to an astroglia. ChT enters the presynaptic ACh neuron arrow Ch arrow ChAT arrow ACh arrow vesicle labeled VAChT. A vesicle releases ACh to the synaptic cleft and...
Topic: Neuroscience
This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Neuroscience . The textbook will be available April 2022. Preferred citation: Kindred Grey (2021). "Metabolism of branched chain amino acids. Deficiencies in BCKAD can result in the presentation of Maple Syrup Urine Disease." CC BY 4.0 . Alternative text: Leucine bidirectional arrow enzyme transaminase with α-ketoglutarate bidirectional arrow glutamate to α-ketoisocaproate arrow enzyme BCKAD with NAD+ arrow NADH...
Topic: Neuroscience
